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Henri Laborit

French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher ()

Henri Laborit

Laborit in

Born()21 November

Hanoi, Tonkin Protectorate, French Indochina

Died18 May () (aged&#;80)

Paris, France

NationalityFrench
Known&#;forDiscovery of the effects of chlorpromazine, GHB, gamma-OH, clomethiazole, minaprine
AwardsChevalier of the Legion of Honor, Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, Nobel Peace Prize (as part of the Honour's Committee for the IPPNW)
Scientific career
Fieldsneurophysiology, pharmacology, psychiatry, psychosomatics
InstitutionsVal-de-Grâce, Boucicault Hospital

Henri Laborit (21 November – 18 May ) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher.

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    • In , Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic, he came to be at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims.

    Laborit wrote several books where he popularizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking, with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. His writings can also be found to have deep roots in anarchist thought.

    He was personally untroubled by the requirements of science and the constraints of university life.

  • Family and political life
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    • He maintained an independence from academia and never sought to produce the orderly results that science requires of its adherents.[1][2]

    Family and early years

    Henri Laborit was born in Hanoi, French Indochina, in His father was a physician and colonial officer who died in from tetanus.

    Laborit contracted tuberculosis at age In Paris, he earned a baccalaureate. He spent two years in Indochina on a hospital ship.[2] He passed the examinations at the Naval Health Service in Bordeaux,[3] and became a navy physician. He was sent to Sidi Abdallah, Bizerte.[2] Feeling that his options for recognition would be better, he switched to become a surgeon.[1] During World War II he was stationed on the torpedo boat Sirocco, where he witnessed the evacuation of the Dunkerque, and then was sunk by the Germans.

    He was saved by an English sloop that picked him up. He received the French Military Cross with distinction. He was later stationed in Dakar. By about he was appointed to Val-de-Grâce hospital in Paris.[2]

    Chlorpromazine

    Main article: Chlorpromazine §&#;History

    Laborit was the first to recognize the potential psychiatric uses of chlorpromazine.[4] The science of anesthesiology was new since the s.

    Surgeons were sometimes responsible for anesthetics and as a French navy surgeon, Laborit had seen patients die as a result of or after their operations. He became a researcher in anesthesiology. Laborit's ideas on anesthesia included potentiated anaesthesia, lowering basal metabolism and lowering body temperature (so-called artificial hibernation).

    Studies and political activity Edgar morin is a prestigious French sociologist, philosopher and director, whose vast literary work is widely known throughout the world. His name is mandatory when referring to the paradigm shift in education and the reform of thought. His literary contributions have earned him countless academic awards around the world: honorary doctorates and distinctions from various academic and official institutions. His work on complexity and complex thinking is recognized worldwide, especially in Francophone countries, as well as in Europe and America. His academic contributions to sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, politics, education, and systems biology have been widely appreciated.

    He advocated the use of procaine, synthetic antihistamines, Diparcol (diethazine), tetraethylammonium bromide and vitamin B1. He did not like to use morphine.[2] In his years in Bizerte he became interested in the use of the antihistamine promethazine to make patients more relaxed before surgery and in contributing to anesthesia, observations that were the forerunner of his later interest in chlorpromazine.

    With Pierre Huguenard, Laborit invented the lytic cocktail, a combination of drugs that could be given to patients to reduce the shock and stress they experienced during and after surgery. Huguenard had success with a combination of promethazine and pethidine, at the time under the trade names Diparcol and Dolossal, and told Laborit of his finding.

    Laborit thought that putting patients into a state of artificial hibernation would prevent some aspects of stress reactions. These drugs made bodies stop their reactions to cooling.

    Laborit suggested to Rhône-Poulenc (a pharmaceutical company that became Sanofi) that they create antihistamines that optimized stabilization of the central nervous system.

    There, chemist Paul Charpentier headed a group trying to improve on the existing drug diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Dramamine, U.S. Sominex). So Charpentier created a new series of phenothiazines, one of them by adding a chlorine atom.[3]Simone Courvoisier tested the series on laboratory rats and discovered that RP (chlorinated promazine, later known as chlorpromazine) could reverse the effects of epinephrine and could induce a state of apathy or indifference.

    Rhône-Poulenc marketed the drug in Europe for vomiting, pain, nausea, and convulsions as Largactil in [nb 1] Laborit is said to have named the drug, a blended word for "large activity".[3]

    He, Huguenard and an associate named R. Alluaume published "A new vegetative stabilizer: RP." in La Presse Médicale in February [8] According to Max Bennett, "the effect of the drug to produce 'disinterest' is mentioned together with the possibility that this property might make it of psychiatric use."[9]

    Immediately following its synthesis at Rhône-Poulenc in December , Laborit requested a sample of RP to test for the purpose of reducing shock in injured soldiers.[10] His observation that people treated with this drug showed reduced interest in their surroundings led him to suggest the first test of antipsychotics by Hamon, Paraire and Velluz.

    A year-old patient with mania was released from Val-de-Grâce and ready "to resume a normal life" after 20 days treatment with chlorpromazine and barbiturates.[4][11]

    Although it had severe side effects, chlorpromazine "helped change the face of serious mental illness" and allowed many patients to live outside mental asylums; in the United States, the inpatient population of mental institutions dropped from , in to , ten years later."[3][nb 2]

    Lasker award

    Laborit shared the prestigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in with Pierre Deniker and Heinz Lehmann for contributions towards the general use of chlorpromazine.

    No one won a Nobel Prize for the discovery,[4] and Jean Delay of the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, who wanted to win himself, sat on the Nobel committee but was opposed to giving it to Laborit. Laborit found himself at odds with Sainte-Anne hospital's staff for the rest of his life.

    In , the Lasker Foundation also recognized Nathan S.

    Kline and Robert H. Noce, both of whom advanced reserpine as a treatment for mental illness, as well as Rustom Jal Vakil for treating hypertension with reserpine, and, unrelated, Richard E. Shope for pioneering our understanding of viruses.[17]

    Career

    Laborit became director of the Laboratoire d'Eutonologie at Boucicault Hospital in Paris.

    His interests included psychotropic drugs and memory.

    Biography As he explains: He holds two bachelors: one in history and geography and one in law. At the beginning of the 20th century, Morin's family migrated from the Ottoman city of Salonica Thessaloniki to Marseille [17] and later to Paris, where Edgar was born. He is of Judeo-Spanish Sefardi origin. He joined the French Communist Party in In , Morin married Violette Chapellaubeau and they lived in Landau , where he served as a lieutenant in the French Occupation army in Germany.

    Alexander Zaytsev synthesized GHB in , and Laborit synthesized the drug in [18] He was researching GHB as a precursor to the neurotransmitterGABA. Laborit published "Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate" in the International Journal of Neuropharmacology in September [19]

    Awards and cultural references

    Laborit received the Croix de Guerre with distinction.

    He was elected a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in He received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award which he shared in , after traveling to the United States on behalf of Rhône-Poulenc.

    Laborit's ideas are the substance of the Alain Resnais film Mon oncle d'Amérique in which he plays himself.[21]

    Laborit interviewed Salvador Dalí about one of his books which Dalí had read but did not understand.[22]

    Death and legacy

    Healy wrote that Laborit felt cheated of his recognition and that he died a bitter man.

    Healy noted a few attempts to set the record straight: a book by Jean Thuillier that credits Delay and Deniker and Laborit, a s book by Ann Caldwell that sided with Laborit, and a book by Judith Swazey, Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry, which gave credit to both sides. A commemoration by Rhône-Poulenc gave Laborit credit for anesthesia but gave Deniker and Delay credit for application of chlorpromazine to psychiatry.

    In , on the th anniversary of the founding of Val-de-Grâce, a plaque was placed there commemorating the discovery of chlorpromazine by Laborit, Harmon, Paraire, and Velluz in

    Laborit was one of the pioneers of complexity theory and self-organization in France and the initiator of "complex thought" in his meetings with the "Groupe des Dix".[24] "Complex thought" was later popularized by Edgar Morin.

    Publications

    • Physiologie et biologie du système nerveux végétatif au service de la chirurgie ()
    • L'anesthésie facilitée par les synergies médicamenteuses ()
    • Réaction organique à l'agression et choc ()
    • Pratique de l'hibernothérapie en chirurgie et en médecine ()
    • Résistance et soumission en physio-biologie&#;: l'hibernation artificielle ()
    • Excitabilité neuro-musculaire et équilibre ionique.

      Intérêt pratique en chirurgie et hibernothérapie ()

    • Le delirium tremens ()
    • Bases physio-biologiques et principes généraux de réanimation ()
    • Les destins de la vie et de l'homme. Controverses par lettres sur des thèmes biologiques ()
    • Physiologie humaine (cellulaire et organique) ()
    • Du soleil à l'homme ()
    • Les régulations métaboliques ()
    • Biologie et structure ()
    • Neurophysiologie.

      Aspects métaboliques et pharmacologiques ()

    • L'Homme imaginant&#;: Essai de biologie politique ()
    • L'homme et la ville ()
    • L'agressivité détournée&#;: Introduction à une biologie du comportement social ()
    • La Société informationnelle&#;: Idées pour l'autogestion ()
    • Les Comportements&#;: Biologie, physiologie, pharmacologie ()
    • La Nouvelle grille ()
    • Éloge de la fuite ()
    • Discours sans méthode ()
    • L'Inhibition de l'action ()
    • La Colombe assassinée ()
    • Dieu ne joue pas aux dés ()
    • La vie antérieure ()
    • Les récepteurs centraux et la transduction de signaux ()
    • L'esprit dans le grenier ()
    • Étoiles et molécules ()
    • La légende des comportements ()
    • Une Vie - Derniers entretiens ()

    Notes

    1. ^The U.S.

      FDA approved the use of chlorpromazine for psychiatry and Smith, Kline and French (now GlaxoSmithKline) released the drug as Thorazine in [3]

    2. ^Frontline, citing E. Fuller Torrey, says from to the number of seriously ill mental patients in U.S. public psychiatric hospitals went down from , to 71, as a result of the introduction of chlorpromazine.[14]

    References

    1. ^ abKunz, M.D., Edward (March ).

      "Henri Laborit and the inhibition of action". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 16 (1). Institut La Conférence Hippocrate – Servier Research Group: – doi/DCNS/ekunz. PMC&#; PMID&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

    2. ^ abcdeDesmonts, Jean-Marie ().

      Yesterday's Anaesthesia(PDF). Paris: Glyphe & Biotem éditions. pp.&#;11, 55, 82, 83, ISBN&#;. Retrieved September 14,

    3. ^ abcde"Paul Charpentier, Henri-Marie Laborit, Simone Courvoisier, Jean Delay, and Pierre Deniker".

      Science History Institute. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 21 March

    4. ^ abcBan, Thomas A. (August 3, ). "Fifty Years Chlorpromazine: A Historical Perspective". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment.

      Henri laborit edgar morin biography Henri Laborit 21 November — 18 May was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In , Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine , published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic , he came to be at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims. Laborit wrote several books where he popularizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking , with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. His writings can also be found to have deep roots in anarchist thought.

      3 (4): – PMC&#; PMID&#;

    5. ^Their paper is apparently not available online. Google scholar finds: Laborit, H. (February 13, ). "A new vegetative stabilizer: RP". La Presse Médicale. 60 (10). P. Huguenard, and R. Alluaume: – PMID&#; Retrieved September 13,
    6. ^Bennett, Max R.

      ().

      Clandestine fight

      Henri Laborit 21 November — 18 May was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In , Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine , published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic , he came to be at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims. Laborit wrote several books where he popularizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking , with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. His writings can also be found to have deep roots in anarchist thought.

      History of the Synapse. CRC Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved September 13, &#; via Google Books.

    7. ^Shorter, Edward (). A History of Psychiatry. John Wiley & Sons. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    8. ^Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall,
    9. ^"Deinstitutionalization: A Psychiatric "Titanic"".

      WGBH Educational Foundation. May 10, Retrieved September 17,

    10. ^" Lasker Awards". Albert And Mary Lasker Foundation. Retrieved September 13,
    11. ^Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (June 4, ). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): Critical Review Report"(PDF). World Health Organization.

      Retrieved September 17,

    12. ^Laborit, H. (September ). "Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate".

      Family and political life: Henri Laborit (21 November – 18 May ) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In , Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success.

      International Journal of Neuropharmacology. 3 (4): – doi/(64) ISSN&#; PMID&#;

    13. ^"My American Uncle". Internet Movie Database (Amazon). Retrieved September 14,
    14. ^Conversation entre Salvador Dali et le professeur Henri Laborit. l'Institut national de l'audiovisuel.

      February 8, Retrieved September 14,

    15. ^"Le Groupe des Dix", Brigitte Chamak, Éditions du Rocher, Monaco,

    Bibliography

    External links