Alexios i komnenos biography of martin guitar

Byzantine emperor from to

"Alexius I" redirects here. For other uses, see Alexius I (disambiguation).

"Alexios Komnenos" redirects here. For other uses, see Alexios Komnenos (disambiguation).

Alexios&#;I Komnenos (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, romanized:&#;Aléxios Komnēnós, c.&#; – 15 August ), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from to After usurping the throne, he was faced with a collapsing empire and constant warfare throughout his reign, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.

His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Seljuk Turks were the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne.

The son of John Komnenos and a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos, Alexios served with distinction under three Byzantine emperors.

In , he led a rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates and took the throne for himself. He immediately faced an invasion of the western Balkans by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond. Despite initial defeats, Alexios secured an alliance with Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV and drove back the Normans, recovering most of Byzantine losses by In , he achieved a decisive victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion in Thrace with the help of Cuman allies.

Later in the s, Alexios directed his attention towards Asia Minor, most of which had fallen to the Seljuk Turks. Desiring western support, he took reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy, and in his envoys made a formal appeal to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza. At the subsequent Council of Clermont, Pope Urban formally called the First Crusade, which began a year after and concluded with much of western Anatolia restored to Byzantine rule.

On Alexios' death in , he was suceeeded by his son John II Komnenos. Alexios' reign and campaigns were recorded by his daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a political and military history, which she named after her father.

Biography

Alexios was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,^[4] and the nephew of Isaac&#;I Komnenos (emperor –).

Alexios' father declined the throne on the abdication of Isaac, who was thus succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. –) and died as a monk in Alexios and his elder brother, Manuel Komnenos served under Romanos&#;IV Diogenes (r. –) with distinction against the Seljuk Turks.^[5][6] under Michael&#;VII DoukasParapinakes (–) and Nikephoros&#;III Botaneiates (–), he was militarily employed, along with his elder brother Isaac, against rebels in Asia Minor, Thrace, and in Epirus.^[7]

In , western mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul rebelled in Asia Minor,^[8] but Alexios successfully subdued them by ^[9] In , he was appointed commander of the field army in the West by Nikephoros&#;III.^[10] In this capacity, Alexios defeated the rebellions of Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder (whose son or grandson later married Alexios' daughter Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the first at the Battle of Kalavrye and the latter in a surprise night attack on his camp.^{[citation needed]} Alexios was ordered to march against his brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos in Asia Minor but refused to fight his kinsman.

This did not, however, lead to a demotion, as Alexios was needed to counter the expected invasion of the Normans of Southern Italy, led by Robert Guiscard.^{[citation needed]}

Conspiracy and revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates

While Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, the Doukas faction at court approached Alexios and convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros&#;III.

The mother of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was to play a prominent role in this coup d'état of , along with the current empress, Maria of Alania.^[11] First married to Michael&#;VII Doukas and secondly to Nikephoros&#;III Botaneiates, she was preoccupied with the future of her son by Michael&#;VII, Constantine Doukas.

Nikephoros&#;III intended to leave the throne to one of his close relatives,^[12] and this resulted in Maria's ambivalence and alliance with the Komnenoi, though the real driving force behind this political alliance was Anna Dalassene.^[13]

The empress was already closely connected to the Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who had been married to Isaac Komnenos,^[12] thus the Komnenos brothers were able to treat her as member of the family's enlarged kinship.

Furthermore, by espousing the custom of adoptive kingship, which was a social trend in the palace during the reign of empress Zoe, Maria had accepted to adopt Alexios as her son in order to aid the conspiracy.^[14] Maria was induced to do so on advice of her own "Alans", that is her Georgian entourage, and her eunuchs, the latter being instructed by Isaac Komnenos to talk the empress into.

Apparently, Anna must have been informed of the arrangement of the adoptive kingship, and her tacit agreement on the matter allowed for the final conclusion of Alexios' adoption by the empress.^[11] As a result, Alexios became the adoptive brother of Constantine Doukas's, natural son of empress Maria.

The completion of the adoptive kingship entailed as part of the ritual performed from the adoptive member's behalf pledging an oath of loyalty and allegiance to the heir of the throne, a typical practice in which the prospective member since he bore no blood relation and was not of imperial lineage he had to be tied to the emperor's person by a sacred oath.

Therefore, both Alexios and his brother, Isaac pledged to safeguard the heir's rights to the throne.^[15]

According to Anna Comnena's narrative in the Alexiad, Isaac and Alexios left Constantinople in mid-February to raise an army against Botaneiates.^[16] When the time was right and the army already marching to the capital, Anna Dalassene quickly and surreptitiously mobilised the remainder of the family and took sanctuary in the cathedral of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the safety of her family, while disclaiming her two sons' hostile actions against the emperor.

Anna Comnena offers in detail the course of steps her grandmother took to be able to enter the church. Under the pretence of making a vesperal visit to worship at the church, she deliberately excluded the grandson of Botaneiates and his loyal tutor and met with her sons' Alexios and Isaac and went with them to the forum of Constantine.^[11] When the tutor discovered she had gone missing, he went looking for her to eventually find her on the palace's grounds.

Yet again cunningly Anna convinced him that they would leave the palace shortly. However, the rest of the female members of her family in order to be allowed to gain entrance although the church was at that time closed, pretended to be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had been penniless and wanted to prostrate the holy icons before their return trip. Straboromanos and royal guards who were caught up with them, were summoned back to the palace.^[11] Anna then went on protesting for the safety of her family, that she feared of the emperor's wrath and that her sons were nothing but loyal subjects, despite the fact that Alexios and Isaac were discovered to be missing without the emperor's consent.

She even suggested that a plot had been unravelling by enemies of the family to have them blinded and for that she had fled to the capital so they may continue to be of loyal service to the emperor.^[17] She refused to go with them and demanded that they allow her to pray to the Mother of God for protection. This request was granted and Anna then manifested her true communicative and leadership capabilities:

She was allowed to enter.

As if she were weighed down with old age and worn out by grief, she walked slowly and when she approached the actual entrance to the sanctuary made two genuflections; on the third she sank to the floor and taking firm hold of the sacred doors, cried in a loud voice: "Unless my hands are cut off, I will not leave this holy place except on one condition: that I receive the emperor's cross as guarantee of safety".^[18]

Nikephoros&#;III Botaneiates was forced into a public vow that he would grant protection to the family.^[11] Straboromanos tried to give Anna his cross, but for her it was not large enough for all bystanders to witness the oath.

She also demanded that the cross be personally sent by Botaneiates as a vow of his good faith. He obliged, sending a complete assurance for the family with his own cross. At the emperor's further insistence, and for their own protection, they took refuge at the convent of Petrion, where they were eventually joined by Maria of Bulgaria, mother of Irene Doukaina.^[11] Botaneiates allowed them to be treated as refugees rather than as guests.

They were allowed to have family members bring in their own food and were on good terms with the guards from whom they learned the latest news.^[19] Anna was highly successful in three important aspects of the revolt: she bought time for her sons to steal imperial horses from the stables and escape the city; she distracted the emperor, giving her sons time to gather and arm their troops; and she gave a false sense of security to Botaneiates that there was no real treasonous plot against him.^[11] After bribing the Western troops guarding the city, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital victoriously on 1 April ^[20]

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be the lover of Empress Maria, the daughter of King Bagrat&#;IV of Georgia, who had been successively married to Michael&#;VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros&#;III Botaneiates, and who was renowned for her beauty.^[21] Alexios arranged for Maria to stay on the palace grounds, and it was thought that he was considering marrying her.

However, his mother consolidated the Doukas family connection by arranging the Emperor's marriage to Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of the Caesar John Doukas, the uncle of Michael&#;VII, who would not have supported Alexios otherwise. As a measure intended to keep the support of the Doukai, Alexios restored Constantine Doukas, the young son of Michael&#;VII and Maria, as co-emperor.^[22]

This situation changed drastically, however, when Alexios' first son John&#;II Komnenos was born in ^[23] Anna's engagement to Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved to the main Palace to live with her mother and grandmother.

Alexios became estranged from Maria, who was stripped of her imperial title and retired to a monastery, and Constantine Doukas was deprived of his status as co-emperor.^[23]

Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas

Further information: Byzantine–Norman Wars

The thirty-seven year reign of Alexios was full of struggle.

At the outset he faced the formidable attack of the Normans, led by Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu and laid siege to Larissa in Thessaly.^[7] Alexios suffered several defeats before he was able to strike back with success. He enhanced his resistance by an agreement with the German king Henry&#;IV, who, in exchange for , gold pieces, did attack the Normans in Italy,^[24] which forced the Normans to concentrate on their defenses at home in – He also secured the alliance of Henry, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, who controlled the Gargano Peninsula and dated his charters by Alexios' reign.

Henry's allegiance would be the last example of Byzantine political control on peninsular Italy. The Norman military danger subsided with the death of Guiscard in , and the Byzantines recovered most of their losses.^[25]

Alexios next had to deal with disturbances in Thrace, where the heretical sects of the Bogomils and the Paulicians revolted and made common cause with the Pechenegs from beyond the Danube.^[26] Paulician soldiers in imperial service likewise deserted during Alexios' battles with the Normans.^[27] As soon as the Norman threat had passed, Alexios set out to punish the rebels and deserters, confiscating their lands.

This led to a further revolt near Philippopolis, and the commander of the field army in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle. In the Pechenegs raided into Thrace, and Alexios crossed into Moesia to retaliate but failed to take Dorostolon (Silistra).^[28] During his retreat, the emperor was confronted and defeated by the Pechenegs, who forced him to sign a truce and to pay protection money.

In the Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,^[29] while Tzachas, the brother-in-law of the Sultan of Rum, launched a fleet and attempted to arrange a joint siege of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.^[30] Alexios overcame this crisis by entering into an alliance with a horde of 40, Cumans, with whose help he conquered the Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace on 29 April ^[31]

This put an end to the Pecheneg threat, but in the Cumans began to raid the imperial territories in the Balkans.

Led by a pretender claiming to be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead son of the Emperor Romanos&#;IV,^[32] the Cumans crossed the mountains and raided into eastern Thrace until their leader was eliminated at Adrianople. With the Balkans more or less pacified, Alexios could now turn his attention to Asia Minor, which had been almost completely overrun by the Seljuq Turks.^[33]

Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade

Further information: Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and First Crusade

By the time Alexios ascended the throne, the Seljuqs had taken most of Asia Minor.

Alexios secured much of the coastal regions by sending peasant soldiers to raid the Seljuq camps, but this did not stop the Turks altogether.^[34] He also got military support from Western rulers like Robert I, Count of Flanders (Robert the Frisian).

Alexios i komnenos biography of martin The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Komnenos dynasty for a period of years, from to about It was a period of sustained, though ultimately incomplete, restoration of the military, territorial, economic and political position of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium under the Komnenoi played a key role in the history of the Crusades in the Holy Land , while also exerting enormous cultural and political influence in Europe, the Near East, and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. The Komnenian emperors, particularly John and Manuel, exerted great influence over the Crusader states of Outremer , whilst Alexios I played a key role in the course of the First Crusade , which he helped bring about. Moreover, it was during the Komnenian period that contact between Byzantium and the 'Latin' Christian West, including the Crusader states, was at its most crucial stage.

Robert, while returning from an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem in , spent time assisting the Byzantine Emperor against the Turks.^[35] In one battle, Robert and three of his companions rode ahead of the main army, charging the forces under the command of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.^[36]

As early as , Alexios had taken reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy,^[37] with the intention of seeking western support against the Seljuqs.

In his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza.^[38][39][40] The help he sought from the West was some mercenary forces, not the immense hosts that arrived, to his consternation and embarrassment, after the pope preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont later that same year.^[41] This was the People's Crusade: a mob of mostly unarmed poor peasants and serfs, led by the preacher Peter the Hermit, fleeing from hunger in their home regions to a promised land of milk and honey.^[42] Not quite ready to supply this number of people as they traversed his territories, the emperor saw his Balkan possessions subjected to further pillage at the hands of his own allies.^[43] Eventually Alexios dealt with the People's Crusade by hustling them on to Asia Minor.

There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I at the Battle of Civetot in October ^[44]

The "Prince's Crusade", the second and much more formidable host of Crusaders, gradually made its way to Constantinople, led in sections by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV of Toulouse, and other important western nobles.^[45] Alexios met the Crusader leaders separately as they arrived, extracting from them oaths of homage and the promise to turn over conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire.^[46] Transferring each contingent into Asia, Alexios promised to supply them with provisions in return for their oaths of homage.

The Crusade was a notable success for Byzantium, as Alexios recovered a number of important cities and islands. The siege of Nicaea by the Crusaders forced the city to surrender to the emperor in , and the subsequent Crusader victory at Dorylaion enabled Alexios to recover much of western Asia Minor.^[47]John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Rhodes, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and Philadelphia in – This success is ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his policy and diplomacy, but by the Latin historians of the crusade to his treachery and deception.^[7] In , he sent a Byzantine fleet of ten ships to assist the Crusaders in capturing Laodicea and other coastal towns as far as Tripoli.

The Crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when the Byzantine contingent under Tatikios failed to help them during the siege of Antioch; Bohemund, who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch, did not return the ancient city, despite his previous agreement with Alexios.^[47] He briefly went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but he was blockaded by the Byzantine forces and agreed to become a vassal of Alexios by the Treaty of Deabolis in ^[49]

Around this time, in , the twenty-fifth year of his reign, Hesychius of Miletus records that the sky suddenly darkened and a "violent southern wind" blew the great statue of Constantine at the Strategion from its column, killing a number of men and women nearby.^[50]

In , though already terminally ill, Alexios conducted a series of defensive operations in Bithynia and Mysia to defend his Anatolian territories against the inroads of Malik Shah, the Seljuq Sultan of Iconium.

In he moved onto the offensive and pushed his army deep into the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, where he defeated the Seljuq sultan at the Battle of Philomelion.

Personal life

During the last twenty years of his life Alexios lost much of his popularity.^[53] The years were marked by persecution of the followers of the Paulician and Bogomil heresies^[54]—one of his last acts was publicly to burn at the stake Basil, a Bogomil leader, with whom he had engaged in a theological dispute.^[7][44] In spite of the success of the First Crusade, Alexios also had to repel numerous attempts on his territory by the Seljuqs in –^[55]

Alexios was for many years under the strong influence of an eminence grise, his mother Anna Dalassene, a wise and immensely able politician whom, in a uniquely irregular fashion, he had crowned as Augusta instead of the rightful claimant to the title, his wife Irene Doukaina.

Anna Dalassene's ability to help him seize power and control the aristocracy, as well as her ability to understand and resolve dilemmas, assured Alexius that her mother was a capable counsel and managing partner by his side, and a sane and trusted regent in his absence.^[56] Alexios was never happier than when taking part in military exercises and he assumed personal command of his troops whenever possible.^[57] As such, Dalassene was the effective administrator of the Empire during Alexios' long absences in military campaigns: she was constantly at odds with her daughter-in-law and had assumed total responsibility for the upbringing and education of her granddaughter Anna Komnene.^{[citation needed]}

Succession

Alexios' last years were also troubled by anxieties over the succession.

Although he had crowned his son John&#;II Komnenos co-emperor at the age of five in , his wife Irene Doukaina wished to alter the succession in favor of their daughter Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.^[58]

Pretenders and rebels

Apart from all of his external enemies, a host of rebels also sought to overthrow Alexios from the imperial throne, thereby posing another major threat to his reign.^[44] Due to the troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by far the greatest number of rebellions against him of all the Byzantine emperors.^[59] These included:

Pre First Crusade

• Raictor, a Byzantine monk who claimed to be the emperor Michael&#;VII.

  He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.^[59]

• A conspiracy in involving several senators and officers of the army. This was uncovered before too many followers were enlisted. In order to conceal the importance of the conspiracy, Alexios merely banished the wealthiest plotters and confiscated their estates.^[59]
• Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic emir who assumed the title of emperor in ^[60]
• Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in gaining the throne in conspired against him in with an Armenian called Ariebes.^[60]
• John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, governor of Dyrrachium, accused of a conspiracy by Theophylact of Bulgaria.^[60]
• Theodore Gabras, the quasi-independent governor of Trebizond and his son Gregory.^[60]
• Michael Taronites, the brother-in-law of Alexios.^[60]
• Nikephoros Diogenes, the son of emperor Romanos&#;IV.^[60]
• Pseudo-Leo Diogenes, an impostor who assumed the identity of another of Romanos' sons, Leo Diogenes.^[61]
• Karykes, the leader of a revolt in Crete.^[60]
• Rhapsomates, who tried to create an independent kingdom in Cyprus.^[60]

Post First Crusade

• Salomon, a senator of great wealth who in engaged in a plot with four brothers of the Anemas family.^[62]
• Gregory Taronites, another governor of Trebizond.^[62]
• The illegitimate descendant of a Bulgarian prince named Aron formed a plot in to murder Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica.

  The presence of the empress Irene and her attendants, however, made the execution of the plot difficult. In an attempt to have her return to Constantinople, the conspirators produced pamphlets that mocked and slandered the empress, and left them in her tent. A search for the author of the publications uncovered the whole plot, yet Aron was only banished due to his connection to the royal line of Bulgaria, whose blood also flowed in the veins of the empress Irene.^[63]

Reform of the monetary system

Under Alexios the debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was discontinued and a gold coinage of higher fineness (generally –) was established in , commonly called the hyperpyron at grs.

The hyperpyron was slightly smaller than the solidus.^{[citation needed]}

It was introduced along with the electrumaspron trachy worth a third of a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, the billonaspron trachy or stamenon,^[64] valued at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the copper tetarteron and noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Legacy

Alexios I had overcome dangerous crises and stabilised the Byzantine Empire, inaugurating a century of imperial prosperity and success.^[58] He had also profoundly altered the nature of the Byzantine government.^[66] By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to the tradition of imperial exclusivity and co-opted most of the nobility into his extended family and, through it, his government.

Those who did not become part of this extended family were deprived of power and prestige.^[44] This measure, which was intended to diminish opposition, was paralleled by the introduction of new courtly dignities, like that of panhypersebastos given to Nikephoros Bryennios, or that of sebastokrator given to the emperor's brother Isaac Komnenos.^[66] Although this policy met with initial success, it gradually undermined the relative effectiveness of imperial bureaucracy by placing family connections over merit.

Alexios' policy of integration of the nobility bore the fruit of continuity: every Byzantine emperor who reigned after Alexios&#;I Komnenos was related to him by either descent or marriage.

Family

By his marriage with Irene Doukaina, Alexios&#;I had the following children:^[67]

1. Anna Komnene (1 December – /55), in her infancy she was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, and with him treated as co-ruler by her father until after the birth of John II.

   In she married Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, later raised to Caesar. Highly ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully to usurp the throne. She then withdrew to a monastery, where she wrote her history of Alexios' reign. The couple had several children, but only four survived her.

2. Maria Komnene (19 September – after ), initially betrothed to Gregory Gabras, but married to Nikephoros Katakalon.

   The couple had several children, but only two sons are known by name.

3. John&#;II Komnenos (13 September – 8 April ), who succeeded as emperor.
4. Andronikos Komnenos (18 September – /31), was named sebastokrator and participated in several campaigns until his death from disease. He married Irene, likely a Russian princess, and had at least two sons.
5. Isaac Komnenos (16 January – after ), sebastokrator.
6. Eudokia Komnene (14 January – c.&#;), who married the son of Constantine Iasites.
7. Theodora Komnene (15 January ) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes and (2) Constantine Angelos.

   By him she was the grandmother of Emperors Isaac&#;II Angelos and Alexios&#;III Angelos, as well as the progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Despotate of Epirus. Through Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's children by Philip of Swabia, she is an ancestor of many European royal families, including all European monarchs currently reigning.

8. Manuel Komnenos, born February and known only from a manuscript now in Moscow, died probably soon after his birth
9. Zoe Komnene, born March and known only from a manuscript now in Moscow, died probably soon after her birth

See also

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

• Bury, John Bagnell (). "Alexius I."&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;1 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#;
• Finlay, George (), History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from –, vol.&#;2, William Blackwood & Sons
• Garland, Lynda (25 May ), Anna Dalassena, Mother of Alexius I Comnenus (–), De Imperatoribus Romanis (An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers), archived from the original on 6 May , retrieved 5 November
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed.

  (). "Alexios I Komnenos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.

• Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (). "Commémoraisons des Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations of the Komnenoi in the liturgical typikon of the Monastery of Christ Philanthropos (ms.

  Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 63: 41– doi/rebyz

• Lindblom, Annette (21 March ), Harl, Kenneth W. (ed.), History Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades, , archived from the original on 5 October
• Hendy, Michael F. (). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection.

  Vol.&#;4, Alexius I to Michael VIII. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN&#;.

• Norwich, John J. (), Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., ISBN&#;
• Varzos, Konstantinos ().
  Alexios i komnenos biography of martin luther Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans , Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks was the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade. Alexios' father declined the throne on the abdication of Isaac, who was thus succeeded by Constantine X Doukas r. In , western mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul rebelled in Asia Minor, but Alexios successfully subdued them by

  Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol.&#;A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 April Retrieved 1 April

Further reading

• Angold, Michael (), The Byzantine Empire, – (2nd&#;ed.), Longman, pp.&#;–70, ISBN&#;
• Choniates, Nicetas ().

  O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN&#;.

• Cheynet, Jean-Claude (). "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la Première Croisade". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne.

  pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

• Thomas, Asbridge (), The crusades: the authoritative history of the war for the holy land., Ecco, ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;, retrieved 11 May
• Frankopan, Peter (), The First Crusade: the Call from the East, The Bodley Head
• Harris, Jonathan (), Byzantium and the Crusades (2nd&#;ed.), Bloomsbury, ISBN&#;
• Jeffreys, C., ed.

  ().

  Alexios i komnenos biography of martin lawrence

  His family had gained prominence during the reign of Emperor Basil II, when Alexios's grandfather, Manuel Komnenos, played a pivotal role in mediating a rebellion. He inherited a weakened empire threatened by Normans and Seljuk Turks. Through extensive reforms and military campaigns, he successfully repelled these threats and initiated the Komnenian Renaissance, a period of revived military and economic strength. Alexios I faced numerous external challenges. Norman forces threatened from the west, while Seljuk Turks expanded into Byzantine territory.

  Alexios 1. King's College London. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 16 October

• Plate, William (), "Alexios I Komnenos", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.&#;1, pp.&#;–
• Skoulatos, Basile (). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French).

  Louvain-la-Neuve: Nauwelaerts.

• Treadgold, Warren (), A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, pp.&#;–29, ISBN&#;

External links